Domestic Abuse Case Study

Domestic Abuse Case Study Abuse can be defined as to treat wrongfully or harmfully. There are different categories of abuse that have been recognized and within our case study there appears to be two distinct forms of abuse, domestic abuse and child abuse. These can be sub divided into terms of physical abuse, emotional /psychological abuse, and non-organic failure to thrive. Physical abuse is the intentional inflicting of physical injury or harm or deliberately not preventing harm occurring. The minimum physical signs seen in our study to both Mrs Black and James are bruising with suspect excuses for their appearance. Emotional abuse is the continual failure to meet basic emotional needs. Emotional development is stunted and well- being impaired. The emotional signs in our case study can be seen in James by his actions of being withdrawn and non-communicative. The behavioural sign to abuse taking place to James is his aggressive behaviour. The short term effects of physical abuse to James are bruising and pain. In the long term recurring injuries can result in secondary illness and complications, permanent scarring and disfigurement. His emotional effects in the short term are a fear of adults or others, withdrawal, poor relationship with his peers. The long term emotional effects for James could be low self esteem, depression, inability to form relationships. Abuse can arise for many reasons and there are a number of theoretical perspectives which may be useful in clarifying why the abuse has taken place. The Feminist perspective believes that gender and family roles gives approval to a culture of abuse. Consider the historical and stereotypical ideas of the family, with men, women and children having definite roles. With the men having power and control in the perspective of abuse. In James case he lives in a reconstituted family with the father figure being dominant and a heavy drinker. From a psychological perspective, alcohol misuse can bring mental health problems which may increase aggression in the person and so James is more at risk from abuse by his step father. The family dysfunction theory suggests that the family is not functioning due to family dynamics. The dysfunctioning family attempts to find alternative ways of coping. The relationship between the mother and James, involves a dependency of James on his mother. With other problems in James mothers life, this leads to increasing stress and the inability of his mother to cope and manage the situation within the relationship. The attachment theory state that significant separations of a child from the carer in the early years can have an effect on their emotional development and can lead to psychological and social difficulties in later life. With the loss of both his father and his sisters` father with whom he was close, may have contributed to his deterioration of his behaviour If a client begins to make a disclosure of abuse it is important to ensure privacy and confidentiality. It is necessary to show that listening skills are employed and that I remain calm and receptive. I must listen without interruption and make it clear that I am taking their disclosure seriously. I must only ask questions of clarification if I am unclear as to what the vulnerable adult is saying. It is important that I acknowledge their courage in coming forward and tell them that they are not responsible for the abuse. I must let it be known to them what I will do to help them and where possible get their consent to inform my line manager. I must speak to my client in comfortable and quiet surroundings. I would ask my client to sit down where I shall use SOLER techniques to aid in communication. Using the SOLER theory I would use the five basic components used in communication. I would sit squarely on at the table turned towards one another. I would adopt an open posture. I would s it so that we have regular but varied eye contact and that my client could see my facial expressions and gestures to aid in communication. This would also let him know that I am involved in the situation. I would lean forward slightly to convey to him that I am interested and committed to actively listen to him. This adhered to our organizations policy on Confidentiality and the Data Protection Act of 1998 allowing my client to voice his concerns without worry and protected his privacy. I would inform him that they are not responsible for the abuse. I must let it be known to him what I will do to help him and where possible get his consent to inform my line manager. It is important that I make an immediate record of what the vulnerable adult has said, using only their own words. This should be recorded in the Incident Book, clearly, accurately and legibly, and then reported to the Line Manager who is responsible for any further action. As we do not supply a care service, we are not required to register with the Care Commission, but we ensure all our policies and procedures meet their standards. As all clients under these standards are legally allowed an individualized care plan, we instead have an activity plan. The policy and procedures on abuse of our organisation are underpinned by the National Care Standards which were set up under the Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001. This Act came about to regulate the care and social work force and set out the principals of good care practice. The Care Commission was set up under this Act to register, regulate and inspect all care services listed in the Act. It also established The Scottish Social Services Council (SSSC). (ref1)The SSSC has aims and objectives to protect the service users, raise standards, strengthen and support workforce professionalism. An example of the code of practice on abuse, of the SSSC is `to protect the rights and promote the interests of the service users and carers. Strive to establish and maintain trust and confidence of service users and carers. Promote the independence of service users while protecting them as far as possible from danger or harm. Respect the rights of service users and ensure that their behaviour does not harm themselves or others.` The policy for protecting vulnerable people within our organisation is achieved through the careful selection, screening, training and supervision of staff and volunteers. Under The Protection of Vulnerable Groups (Scotland) Act 2007 a code of good practice for vulnerable adults within our organisation has been developed which expects staff or volunteers suspecting or have had abuse disclosed must immediately report the concerns to their line manager and write up an incident report. The line manager will discuss the concerns with the person reporting the abuse; she will clarify the concerns and obtain all known relevant information. This will then be forwarded to the ap propriate local Social Work Department stating that it concerns vulnerable adult protection. In the absence of a line manager the concerns should be reported directly to the local Social work department and then inform the line manager as soon as possible. The social work department after investigation may have to inform the police to investigate further.(ref2) the primary role of Registered Social Workers is the protection and promotion of the welfare of children, vulnerable adults and the promotion of the welfare of communities in accordance with the Scottish Social Services Councils Code of Practice for Social Service Workers. (ref3)The social work department will work with the police to carry out joint enquires if necessary and organise case reviews and protection conferences. The police will keep safe from harm the individual who has been subjected to abuse and may call for a medical examination. They will examine and collect evidence, interview suspects, identify offenders and arrange cases for prosecution. The GP or hospital Doctor maybe involved giving medical evidence of abuse and treating the individual. Under our code of good practice in preventing abuse it is important that I avoid unobserved situations of one -to-one contact with a vulnerable adult. I must never invite a vulnerable adult to my home; I must never offer to take a vulnerable adult alone in my own vehicle, if it is necessary to do things of a personal nature e.g. toileting, I must have the consent and knowledge of the carers and my line manager, before doing any of the above. I must not engage or allow any sexually provocative games involving or observed by vulnerable adults. I must never make or allow suggestive remarks or discrimatory comments to be made to a vulnerable adult. I must not engage in or tolerate bullying, or inappropriate physical behaviour. I must respect all vulnerable adults regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, disability or sexual identity. I must avoid favouritism and singling out troublemakers. I must never trivialise abuse and never let allegations of abuse go unreported, including any made aga inst myself. The policy and procedures of our organisation adhere to the Protection of Vulnerable Groups Act (Scotland) 2007 by ensuring as a way of vetting and barring every volunteer and employee has undergone a Disclosure which shows any convictions. If any convictions suggest that abuse of our clients is a possibility then they would not be allowed to volunteer or be employed. Sources of support for workers in the field of preventing abuse can be provided by statutory, voluntary, and private or independent organisations. Statutory services have a distinct concern laid down by legislation e.g. social services and NHS. The voluntary sector is run on a non profit making basis and have arisen through a recognised need and reflect society`s feelings. E.g. Advocacy, Mencap. Private organisations make a profit but I am not aware of any private local organisation that supports vulnerable adults suffering abuse. Support can consist of Casework, by working on a one to one basis, by counselling again one to one, and by group work bring people together with shared issues to resolve problems together. (Ref4) Cultural values play a part in defining what is considered abusive conduct .What we in the UK consider abuse may not be considered abuse in another culture. For example, domestic abuse has only recently become abhorrent in the UK. As up until the 1970s/80s, domestic abuse was considered a marital problem and to be accepted, but today we have little tolerance for domestic abuse. But, today, ethnic minority women still run the risk of long periods of abuse and find it difficult to report, families expect women to put up with it, as ethnic women are considered their husbands property. Honour killings` are not unknown amongst ethnic minorities using religious text as justification. (Ref5)Female circumcision is another culturally accepted form of abuse, still practised in 28 countries in Africa. It is seen to control female sexuality and sex outside marriage. This is done to girls age range from 4 to 12. It usually takes place in un- hygienic conditions with potentially fatal conse quences. Sometimes, workers may have trouble accepting the motives of people who are involved in abuse. There may be the need to ask why and how can they have abused? Where they just bad or mad? Perhaps the workers values and beliefs make working with an abuser distasteful. However, a professional approach to working with an abuser must be taken. For those who work with abusers there is a need to understand why people abuse. Abusive behaviour can sometimes be the result of mental health problems, empathy deficit, brain damage or being abused themselves. By becoming the abuser they believe they are taking control, some even believe that they are not doing anything wrong and cannot stop themselves. When working with individuals who have abused it is important to be aware that they may go on to abuse again and as well as trying to treat the underlying cause for abuse their is a need to protect the community from the abuser. So, the use of risk assessments are important to keep safe when working with an abuser. ( Ref7) It is important to be able to understand probable risks and take appropriate action to reduce them. Effective communication and personal skills are useful to understand and reduce potential conflicts. Reflection on my own values and how they may affect my practice and awareness and understanding of the abusers cultural values and background is required to ensure awareness and intervention is e mployed when required. References. SSSC. (2009). Codes of Practice. Available: http://www.arcuk.org.uk/silo/files/791.pdf. Last accessed 09/02/2010. Stephen Smellie. (2005). Role of the Social Worker: Protection of Title. Available: http://www.unison-scotland.org.uk/response/swrole2.html. Last accessed 09/02/2010 Elizabeth Bingham +. (2009). Protection including safeguarding and management of risk.. In: HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 229. Mary Barnish. (2004). Domestic Violence: A Literature Review. Available: http://www.domestic-violence-and-abuse.co.uk/information/Cultural-Differences-in-the-UK.php. Last accessed 13/02/2010. Frances A. Althaus . (1997). Female Circumcision: Rite of Passage or Violation of Rights? Available: http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2313097.html. Last accessed 13/02/2010. Kathryn Patricelli. (2005). Why do people abuse?. Available: http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=docid=8482. Last accessed 13/02/2010. Elizabeth Bingham +. (2009). Issues involved in protection from abuse. In: HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 217.

Examine the role of processes in schools in producing different educational achievement among pupils from different social groups. :: essays research papers fc

Examine the role of processes in schools in producing different educational achievement among pupils from different social groups. Differential educational achievement is unquestionable affected by different social groups however this is not the only factor that affects the educational success of students. Members of working class place a lower value on education, they place less emphasis on formal education as a means to personal achievement, and they see less value in continuing school beyond the minimum leaving age. They place a lower value on achieving higher occupational status, when evaluating jobs they place emphasis on stability, security and immediate economic benefits and tend to reject the risks and investments involved in aiming for high status occupations. Job horizons tend therefore to be limited to a good trade. Manual and non-manual jobs account for differences in outlook and attitude, middle-class occupations provide an opportunity for continuous advancement in income and status but this is not the case for manual workers. They reach full earning capacity relatively quickly and are provided fewer opportunities for promotion. This would therefore affect the attitude of parents and this attitude and outlook on life would be passed on to the next generation. Pupils from w orking class origins would be socialized in certain situations, e.g. fatalism, immediate gratification, present time orientation and collectivism. Parental interests in their children education effects school achievement, middle class parents express interest in their children progress, they are more likely to want their children to do well and stay at school beyond the minimum leaving age level and so will encourage them to do so. Middle class children also tend to receive greater stimulus from their parents in the early years, which forms a basis for high achievement in the educational system. Different social groups have different life experiences and chances, the habitats of each group will be different and will lead individuals to make certain choices regarding behaviour. Through up bringing and education, people learn to be able to express good taste; those with legitimate taste can mix in the most culturally advantaged circles. This gives students with higher-class backgrounds more chance of success in education. Social inequality is reproduced in the educational system and as a result is legitimated, and is particularly effective in maintaining the power of the dominant classes. Social class is not the only thing that affects educational achievement. Ethnicity has been seen to affect the educational attainment of pupils; research by Drew (1995) found that Afro-Caribbean males were at the bottom of each class group in terms of attainment.

A Biographical Review of the Glass Menagerie

A Biographical Analysis of The Glass Menagerie and Tennessee Williams It’s apparent in the play and the life of Tennessee Williams that he was, in fact, writing about himself and his family when he wrote The Glass Menagerie. The Glass Menagerie was the first success of Tennessee Williams career. He says in the beginning of the play, †I give you truth in the pleasant disguise of illusion† (Williams 47). The characters Tom, Laura, and Amanda are very much like Williams, his sister Rose, and his mother Edwina.We are able to see this when we look into Tennessee Williams’ life. Tom, the narrator, can be viewed as himself, Thomas Lanier Williams. There are many similarities between his life and his character Tom’s life. These similarities can be found in his actions, the actions in the life of his family. First we look at Tennessee Williams life, and how it is very identical to the life of the character Tom. â€Å"He is the narrator, an undisguised inventi on of the play. He takes whatever license with dramatic convention as is convenient to his purposes.I am the narrator of the play, and also a character in it. The other characters are my mother, Amanda, my sister, Laura. † (Williams 47). Tom is the narrator, and the narrator is the one who tells the story, we can justify that Tom resembles Tennessee Williams. This means we can also relate Amanda to Williams mother Edwina Williams and Laura as his sister, Rose Williams. Tennessee Williams dropped out of high school when his father asked him to leave school to work in a warehouse. In the play, Tom also dropped out of school to work in a shoe factory.Tom says,† Listen! You think I’m crazy about the warehouse! You think I’m in love with the Continental Shoemakers? You think I want to spend fifty-five years down there in that Celotex interior! With fluorescent tubes! Look! I’d rather somebody picked up a crowbar and battered out my brains than go back mor nings! † (Williams 56). Both Williams and Tom blamed their families for their horrible jobs and the lives they lived. Williams loved poetry and was his way of escaping the thought of his terrible job and depressing life. Tom is also a poet in our play. Jim knew of my secret practice of retiring to a cabinet of the washroom to work on poems when business was slack in the warehouse. He called me Shakespeare. † (Williams 68). Both Tom and Williams wanted to get out of their real lives by playwright and poetry. Like Tom, Tennessee Williams left home to live in New Orleans when he was 28. Moreover, Tom is a little bit younger than this in the play. Tom leaves home in the end because it is holding him back from what he wants to do. â€Å"His nature is not remorseless, but to escape from a trap he has to act without pity. † (Williams 46).The father in The Glass Menagerie worked for a phone company who fell in love with distance. †He gave up the job with the telepho ne company and skipped the light fantastic of this town. † (Williams 47). Tennessee Williams’ father was a traveling salesman. Just like in The Glass Menagerie, Williams’ father was also not home as often as his family would’ve liked. While he was growing up, Tennessee Williams and his family moved into an apartment in St. Louis. The front door of their house was opening up to look at an alley. In the play, Tom describes to the audience where his family lives.He says, â€Å"The apartment faces an alley and is entered by a fire-escape, a structure whose name is a bit of accidental truth, for all of these huge buildings are always burning with the slow and implacable fires of human desperation. â€Å"(Williams 46). Also, Tennessee Williams eventually spent some time at Washington University in St. Louis but ended up going to the University of Iowa instead. In The Glass Menagerie, Tom’s mother Amanda says to him, â€Å"a night-school course in accou nting at Washington-U! Just think what a wonderful thing that would be for you son. † (Williams 62).We can see how Tennessee Williams didn’t want to remain in St. Louis University to attend school. Tennessee Williams and his sister were very close. him around like a ghost through his life and his art because she was not all there with him. However, he loved her very much, like Tom in The Glass Menagerie loves his sister Amanda. Tom says to his mother, â€Å"Laura seems all those things to you and me because she’s ours and we love her. We don t even notice she’s crippled anymore. † (Williams 66). It is also true that the Character Laura in The Glass Menagerie is very much like Williams’ sister Rose.She was diagnosed clinically insane in 1938 after he graduated from the University of Iowa. It’s obvious that Laura seems very strange sometimes. Tom say’s â€Å"Laura is very different from other girls. Through the eyes of strangers, she’s terribly shy, and lives in a world of her own and those things maker her seem a little peculiar to people outside the house. † (Williams 66). Rose spent almost all of her life in sanitariums. Edwina tried to find Rose a mate by sending her to Business College, but failed her first assignment and never continued.Amanda says to Laura, â€Å"No dear, you go in the front room and study your typewriter chart. Or practice your shorthand a little. Stay fresh and pretty! It’s almost time for our gentlemen callers to start arriving. (Williams 50). Amanda had also sent Laura to business school. In the play, Laura cracks under pressure and the scrutiny of her typewriting teacher and does not get a job to support her self. In Amanda and in Rose Williams’ life there was a gentleman caller in particular for Rose/Laura, who opened them up but never came back. â€Å"We are going to have one. What? A gentleman caller!Do you realize that he’s the first young man we’ve introduced to your sister? It’s terrible, dreadful, disgraceful that poor little sister has never received a single gentleman caller! † (Williams 64). Both in our play and also for the real Rose Williams, hopes were restrained on this young man whose characters referred to as Jim in The Glass Menagerie. Jim mistakes Laura’s absence of school for her sickness as Blue Roses and ends up referring to her as this through high school. This can also provide evidence that Laura is Rose Williams. In the start of The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams says this about Laura. A childhood illness has left her crippled exquisitely fragile. † (Williams 46). Rose was more mentally inept instead of having bad leg like Laura. However, they are both defected fragile young women who were abandoned by their fathers, gentlemen callers, and brothers in the end. Williams and his mother didn’t get along much and says this of her, â€Å"A little woman of g reat but confused vitality clinging frantically to another time and place certainly she has endurance and a kind of heroism, and though her foolishness makes her unwittingly cruel at times, there is great tenderness in her slight person. (Williams 46). This identifies description of what Edwina Williams was like. She obviously had many bad experiences with Tennessee Williams’ father that made her sad and difficult for Williams. Furthermore even though they didn’t get along, Williams loved his mother very much. His mother raised Williams almost entirely herself. She was domineering of him and very sheltering. Proof can be found during the exchange at the dinner table Amanda says to Tom â€Å"So chew your food and give your salivary glands a chance to function! You re not excused from the table.You smoke too much. † (Williams 48). There are many instances where it is shown that, like in real life, the mother and son have a difficult time with each other. Tom is ve ry impatient of his mother but later says, â€Å"now that we cannot hear the mothers speech, her silliness is gone and she has dignity and tragic beauty. † (Williams 88). This evidence proves that, in the end, Williams loved his mother very much In the end of the play Tom says †Oh Laura, Laura, I tried to leave you behind me, but I am more faithful than I intended to be!I reach for a cigarette, I cross the street, I run into the movies or a bar, I buy a drink, and I speak to the nearest stranger anything that can blow your candles out! For nowadays the world is lit by lightning! Blow out your candles, Laura and so good-bye. â€Å"(Williams 88). Tennessee Williams’ literary work was entirely in recognition and memoir to his sister, his family, and his life. Works Cited Rusinko, Susan. â€Å"Biography Of Tennessee Williams. † Critical Insights: Tennessee Williams. 8-13. n. p. : Salem Press, 2010. Literary Reference Center. Web. 6 Nov. 2012. Williams, Tennes see. The Glass Menagerie. New York: New Directions, 1999. Print.

The Debate of Censorship - 766 Words

The United States Bill of Rights guarantees its citizens the freedom of expression, but how far does that freedom extend? Does the right to express yourself include the right to observe the expressions of others? According to pro-censorship view holders, it does not. But to those who feel strongly against censorship, the freedom of information, or the â€Å"right to know,† should be an absolute right granted to the American public. Censoring material is the responsibility of the individual, not the institution itself, and certainly not the job of a separate institution. Also, the definition of what is censor-worthy is by no means clear. Exercising the freedom of speech has two sides: the speaker and the listener. Censorship is unfair†¦show more content†¦In some places, censored material printed in periodicals is simply marked over with a black line, but in America we sometimes do not know that information is being withheld (Thom). This practice of censored cen sorship is unethical and unconstitutional. If we don’t know what is being censored, can’t we at least know that something is being censored? The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) has certain standards for material to be considered as profane, indecent, or obscene (â€Å"Obscene, Indecent†). Unfortunately, not everything can be fit into these cookie cutter categories, and sometimes an object of controversy overlaps into two or more of these classifications. These requirements are tested against what is considered to be an â€Å"average person,† but who is this mythical, completely normal individual who decides what is offensive and what is acceptable (â€Å"Obscene, Indecent†)? Most of the time, the parameters for censorship are not compared to the views of John Doe, but to an impressionable child. In fact, the FCC only prohibits â€Å"profane† and â€Å"indecent† broadcasts between the hours of 6a.m. and 10p.m., when a ch ild is less likely to be listening (â€Å"Obscene, Indecent†). The FCC also upholds double standards. 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His teaching methods were controversial for the time, and he was charged with corrupting the youth and drawing them away from the GreekRead MoreEssay on Censorship is Not the Answer983 Words   |  4 PagesCensorship is Not the Answer Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press. - First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution This is true liberty when free born men, having to advise the public, may speak free. -Euripides, Fifth Century B.C. There is room for all of us - and our divergent view - under the First Amendment. - Spiro Agnew ... They have expelled Huck from their library as trash and suitable only for the slums. That will sell 25,000

The Columbian Government Essay - 833 Words

When one is looking at a country’s government there are a few things that one should look at specifically: the type of government, the leadership and how it is achieved, and how the people are represented in the government. At times it can be difficult to find this information, especially true information, while at other times it can be very easy. The latter is true for the Columbian government. The Columbian government looks and runs very similar to the United States government, at least on a federal level. This means that the government is a republic and unlike some countries where they claim to be but are not actually, Columbia is. Their government has three parts to it, just as ours does: the executive branch, the legislature branch,†¦show more content†¦There is the Constitutional Court, which upholds the integrity of the constitution, decide how constitutional a law is, and to make amendments to it. The Superior Judicial Council’s job is to solve disputes between the other courts. Its judges are chosen by the other three courts and serve for an eight-year term. The Council of State is the highest court for civil law, and its judges are chosen from a selection of judges chosen by the Superior Judicial Council. The fourth and final court is the Supreme Court of Justice and is the highest criminal court, the judges are chosen the same as the Council of State and both groups of judges serve for four-year terms. All of the courts are as coequal as possible and intertwined as one can see in how they choose their judges. On a more local level there are governors, municipal governments, and mayors. The governors are elected by popular vote, but they were once appointed by the president. Each department has the right to establish lower governments known as municipal districts are. With in each district there is a municipal council which is elected by popular vote. 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Research and Reflection of External Communication - 655 Words

This analysis will analyze the four publications provided by the instructor, regarding external communication, for research and reflection. The primary focus will be on the application of the information to the public sector, and the implications my findings may have on public sector accountability and performance. In the book, The Power of Communication, Doris Graber provides a comprehensive overview of the public’s interactions and encounters with public administrators (2003). Graber states that accountability and responsiveness are the most important reasons for communication between public officials and citizens but responsiveness is generally poorer in the public sector because demand is higher than the public sector can handle (2003). Although agencies that rely on citizen input and are structured accordingly are more responsive (Graber, 2003). Communications with the public are a necessary are part of government in order to determine the needs of the public and to provi de appropriate services. The main point Graber is making is that the citizens, their feedback and input are a necessary and valuable part of government and as public administrators we should be accountable and responsive to the public we serve (2003). While Graber focused on individual interactions with public administrators, Laurence O’Toole focused on communication between agencies and external entities (1997). 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Legal Aspects of International Trade Apple Company †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Legal Aspects of International Trade Apple Company. Answer: Apple is an American Multinational technology company that was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Woznaik and Ronald Wayne. The company was incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. whose head quarter is located in Cupertino, California. The company employs 115,000 full-time employees and maintains 478 retail stores in seventeen countries worldwide. It also operates in Australia and the company develops designs, sells computer software, consumer electronics, and provides online services (Payne 2017). The hardware products of Apple include the iPod portable media player, the iPhone, the Mac personal computer, the iPad tablet, the Apple TV digital media player and the Apple smart watch. The software products of the company include maCOS and the IOS operating systems, the Safari web browser, the iTunes media player and the IWork and the ILife creativity and productivity suites. The online services provide by the company include the iTunes store, Mac App store, IOS App store, iCloud and Apple Music . The company, being one of the biggest companies in the world, is outgrowing its present head quarters rapidly. Apple has spent years in constructing a complement to its Head quarter at One Loop in Cupertino, California. The new campus is officially known as the Apple Park and is located on the former Hewlett Packard campus. Although the company has been ushering employees but reportedly it is going to take more than six months to shift all the 12,000 employees into the new site (Nwogugu 2015). The Australian Consumer Law regulates the products and services provided by Apple. According to the ACL framework, the customers are entitled to bring defects related to the services or products of a company either at the time of delivery or after the delivery of the goods. The consumers may make complaints regarding the products within a reasonable period from the date of delivery except the reason for failing to bring the compliant within the reasonable period, is apparent and justifying (Schwalbach et al. 2017). The ACL also stipulates that no additional cost is required to incurred when the consumers complains about any defect in their products. However, the consumers complaining about the defect in their products must contact their respective sellers for the same. While purchasing the product the consumers must contact their sellers to know about the repair or replacement options that are available for the goods. In case, the consumers are purchasing goods overseas they must con tact their sellers to know about the available replacement or repair options about their goods. According to the regulatory framework of ACL, apple provides its customers with a one year limited warranty plan. It entitles its customers to complaint about any defects that may arise out of the products after the goods are delivered to the customers. The customers may complain about the products within one year from the date of purchase of the goods. It does not take any additional cost to repair or replace the products. The customers may contact either the Apple telephone technical support or the Apple Retail Store or the Apple authorized service provider. It also facilitates the consumers to mail-in service in the event of repairing or replacing the products. The overseas customers may contact the sellers to know about the replacement or the repairing options about their products. Moreover, although ACL does not include any guideline regarding technical support services over telephone, the company provides the customers to have access to telephonic technical support. The Apple Company have entered into an advance pricing agreement (APA) Australia which purports to resolve any uncertainties surrounding the cross-border transactions, arrangements or agreements between the relevant parties to the agreement. The agreement includes double taxation that allows a taxpayer and the tax authorities to address and decide issues related to international transfer pricing (McClure, Lanis and Govendir 2016). The ATO has been working to sort out the cross-border tax structures and profit shifting that is being done by the multinationals like Apple to reduce the amount the companies contribute in higher-taxing countries like Australia. The governments who have been assisting the the multinationals by providing them with special deals, thus, enabling them to pay less taxes lawfully, are now changing their approaches regarding which nation has the right to tax. Apple has entered into APA agreements with the governments worldwide for decades. The APA agreements has permitted the technology giant to lawfully shift its profits to lower tax jurisdictions in order to avoid local tax payments. However, such deals have been called off and the multinational company is bound to make its tax payments (Ting 2014). The ATO has stated that the tax system in Australia is not in a position to be compared with the tax system of European Union nations, the anti-avoidance laws of the Australian Federal government has been enacted to the defy the erosion of the nations tax base. This rational e behind this decision is that the anti-avoidance laws of the state aims at preventing the multinational companies from using artificial arrangements for the purpose of avoiding the acknowledgment of the profits to a permanent business in the country (Lin et al. 2016). The Australian government passed new legislation in order to prevent the multinational companies from shifting their profits in order to avoid payment of corporate taxes. The international and the national tax system have been attempting to act in pace with the technological developments that have made the global economy highly motivated and enabled by assets and structures that are intangible and highly portable. Since the tax regimes have been developed during a period when most of the tradeable assets were tangible and convenient to locate, various countries have been putting in efforts in their respective tax system in order to account for such assets. The techno giant Apple had to pay $80.3 million in tax where the revenue amounted to only $6 billion, owing to the complicated but legal tax structure, which permitted the techno giant to shift its profits to an Irish subsidiary. The company has stated in its arguments that it acted in full compliance with its local tax obligations. The company argued that despite the adoption of the stringent approach towards the multinationals, the ATO have been granting Apple tax rulings completely in favor of th e company. The company stated that the majority of the companys revenue is derived from the distribution of the finished goods to Australian consumers and businesses. The company purchases the finished goods from its offshore associates at a higher price. It results in profits proportionate with the activities carried out by Apple in Australia. The APA agreement with Apple expired and Apple is willing to enter into a further APA with the ATO. The Australian government relies largely on corporate tax as a result of which the reputation of the company is affected. The ATO stated that APA agreements are entered into in the event where the ATO has a positive working relationship with the company on the basis of full disclosure. Apple further argued that it still persists to have an open relationship with ATO and the company continues to act incompliance with the tax obligation of the country (Devereux 2016). The techno giant argued that since its APA agreement has expired it was willing to renew the agreement. However, the ATO asserted that the APA agreements cannot be moved forward , instead, such agreements must be reviewed on a regular basis in order to ensure that the agreement continues to be appropriate and relevant to the nature of the business that is carried out in Australia (Huesecken and Overesch 2015). Further, another legal framework that governs the consumer rights in Australia have initiated legal action against Apple Inc on the ground that it used a software update to disable iPhones whose cracked scenes are fixed by the third parties. The Australian Consumer Law (ACL) governs the techno giant operating in Australia. Apple has disabled hundreds of smart phones and tablet services with the software update and then the company refused to unlock the same on the ground that the consumers had their products serviced or repaired by non-Apple repairers (Corones 2016). According to the ACL, the consumer guarantee rights exist independently, irrespective of the warranty provided by the manufacturer, therefore, just because the consumers have repaired their products by a third party, the consumer rights under the ACL shall not be extinguished. According to the ACL, Apple has been alleged to be engaged in deceptive or misleading conduct and that it had made deceptive or misleading representations to the consumers regarding its software updates and the rights of the customers to get their products repaired by the company (Corones 2013). The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) had brought legal action against the Techno giant on the ground of deceptive and misleading advertisements and was seeking declarations, injunctions, corrective notices, costs and compliance program orders against the multinational company. Section 18 of the ACCC states that any conduct of any corporation in trade or commerce, which is deceptive or misleading or is likely to be deceptive or misleading is strictly prohibited. According to Section 12 DA of the Australian Securities and Investment Commission Act 2001 also prohibits deceptive or misleading conduct in financial services. These legislations aims at safeguarding the consumers by preventing businesses from misleading the customers and the legal framework is applicable to every situations that is related to or is in the course of trade or commerce in Australia. The legal framework governing the company in Australia has had an impact upon the goods and services provided by the company. The issues related to the consumer protection framework have affected the goods and services of the company largely. Although the company provides a varied range of products, its customers are not satisfied with the fact that if the products are repaired by non-Apple repairers the company is disabling the products and are refusing to restore the same (Julien 2016). The customers are of the opinion that it is always not feasible for them to have access to Apple repairers to have their products repaired. Under such circumstances, they do not expect the company to disable the service. It would certainly amount to deceptiveness or misleading representation and a breach of the provisions laid down by the ACCC and the ACL in Australia. Apple stated that it provides employment to thousands of Australian employees and makes payment of millions of dollars every year in corporate and payroll tax. The company further asserts that although it is not in a position to make any comments on the adequacy of the countrys tax framework, it still puts in efforts to re-examine the international tax policies laid down in the multinational forums and frameworks. Additionally, the operation carried out by the company provides thousands of employment opportunities in Australia in areas like logistics, retail and IT, thus, directly supporting the companys business and endowing the country with an platform for several Australians to market and sell their respective products such as television, music, apps and movies both globally and locally. The taxation systems must bring about certain changes and cope with the changing nature of the economy. Countries like Australia, are mostly dependant on the foreign direct investment therefore, they must coordinate and cooperate both in the local and global forums. In order to prevent the multinational companies from shifting their profits, the countries must come together and deliberate upon the issue (Richardson et al. 2017). The countries may adopt methods including combined reporting, that would require the multinational firms to report about their profit and loss in each country wherein they carry out their business operations. The countries may adopt consolidation of the OECD profit splitting approach. It is logical in a global economy that companies would obviously want to form their business in such a manner that they can take advantage of the beneficial rules in various countries. Similarly, every country would want a competitive corporate tax system in order to draw attention and retain the economic activity. However, the tax system of one country must not cause economic damage to the policies of another country. The legal framework of each country must ensure that the operation of the multinational companies are carried on in compliance with the legal framework of the respective countries. References Cheung, A.S., 2014. Location privacy: The challenges of mobile service devices.Computer Law Security Review,30(1), pp.41-54. Corones, S., 2016. Misleading premium claims.Australian Business Law Review,44(3), pp.188-203. Corones, S.G., 2013.The Australian consumer law. Thomson Reuters, Lawbook Co.. Corones, S.G., 2014.Competition law in Australia. Thomson Reuters Australia, Limited. Devereux, M., 2016. Measuring corporation tax uncertainty across countries: Evidence from a cross-country survey WP 16/13. Huesecken, B. and Overesch, M., 2015. Tax Avoidance through Advance Tax Rulings-Evidence from the LuxLeaks Firms. Julien Jr, R., 2016.The cybersecurity aspects of Apple Pay(Doctoral dissertation, Utica College). Kaye, T.A., 2014. The Offshore Shell Game: US Corporate Tax Avoidance Through Profit Shifting.Chap. L. Rev.,18, p.185. Lin, X., Zheng, H., Tang, X. and Lu, L., 2016. The Research on Transfer Pricing: A Method of Tax Avoidance and Profit Maximization for MultinationalsTaking WR Corporation for Instance.Business and Management Research,5(3), p.p36. McClure, R., Lanis, R. and Govendir, B., 2016. Analysis of Tax Avoidance Strategies of Top Foreign Multinationals Operating in Australia: An Expose. Nwogugu, M.C., 2015. The Case of Apple, Inc., and the SP-500 Companies: Managerial Psychology, Corporate Governance and Business Processes. Payne, B., 2017. Brand Positioning and its Usefulness for Brand Management: the Case of Apple Inc.The University of Newcastle Student Business Journal,1(1), pp.51-57. Richardson, M., Bosua, R., Clark, K., Webb, J., Ahmad, A. and Maynard, S., 2017. Towards responsive regulation of the Internet of Things: Australian perspectives.Internet Policy Review,6(1), pp.2015-2016. Schwalbach, C.A., Yang, S., Heirakuji, R.J.K., Marasco, C.L. and Gorman, M., Apple Inc., 2017.Display stand component. U.S. Patent D777,482. Ting, A., 2014. iTax-Apple's International Tax Structure and the Double Non-Taxation Issue. Williams, M., Seet, S., Lee, J. and Williams, C., 2014. An Australian IP Update.Managing Intell. Prop.,240, p.56.